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如何在學術英文論文中使用歸類及列表的句型?

作者: Wallace


發布日期: 2016 / 9 / 15,

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如何在學術英文論文中使用歸類及列表的句型?

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研究論文中用於「歸類」及「列表」的句型

歸類的功能常用在論文中較前面的章節。當我們想要有系統地處理或呈現一系列不同的資訊時,便可運用列表的方式將這些資訊加以歸類,表中各項目的順序則表示其重要性的排序。

在歸類時,我們依照事物的共同性來分類與命名。這麼一來,對於同一類事物所共有的特質或特徵,便可一目了然。此外,歸類也是了解事物間差異的方法。在寫作時,作者常以歸類的方式向讀者介紹新議題。

一般歸類句型

X may be divided into three main classes.
sub-groups.
categories.

 

X may be classified on the basis of
according to
depending on
in terms of
Y into Xi and Xii.

例句:

  1. It has become commonplace to distinguish ‘passive’ from ‘active’ forms of X.
  2. Bone is generally classified into two types: X bone, also known as …, and Y bone or …
  3. Systems theory distinguishes two different types of X, i.e. social and semantic Xs (Al-Masry 2013).
  4. There are two main types of memory: declarative and non-declarative memory.
  5. Declarative memory can be broken down into X and Y.
  6. Aristotle’s systematic treatises may be grouped in several divisions: logic, psychological works, physical …
  7. The works of Aristotle fall under three headings: (1) dialogues and …; (2) collections of facts and …; and (3) systematic works.
  8. There are two basic approaches currently being adopted in research into X. One is the Y approach and the other is …
  9. Associative learning can be categorized into classical and operant conditioning.
  10. Classical conditioning was first …
  11. Generally, spectra typing provides two types of information: band intensity pattern and band number.

特定歸類句型

In the traditional system, X is graded in terms of …
on the basis of …
according to whether …

 

Smith (1966) divided
classified
grouped
Xs into two broad types: Xi’s and Xii’s.

 

Thomas (1996) describes four basic kinds of validity: logical, content, criterion and construct.

例句:

  1. Individuals were classified as belonging to upper or lower categories of …
  2. Smith and Jones (2003) argue that there are two broad categories of Y, which are: a) … and b) …
  3. For Aristotle, motion is of four kinds: (1) motion which …; (2) motion which …; (3) motion which …; and (4) motion which …
  4. To better understand the mechanisms of X and its therapeutic implications, Smith et al. (2011) classified X into 3 distinct types using …

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評述歸類系統

This system of classification includes …
allows for …
helps distinguish …
is useful because …
is very simple and …
provides a basis for …
can vary depending on …
was agreed upon after …
has been broadened to include …
was developed for the purpose of …
is more scientific since it is based on …is now out of date.
can be problematic.
is in need of revision.
poses a problem for …
has limited utility with respect to …

介紹列表:

  1. This topic can best be treated under three headings: X, Y and Z.
  2. The key aspects of management can be listed as follows: X, Y and Z.
  3. There are three reasons why the English language has become so dominant.
  4. These are: …
  5. There are two types of effect which result when a patient undergoes X. These are …
  6. The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings, which are: …
  7. The Three Voices for Mass is divided into six sections. These are: the Kyrie, Gloria, ….
  8. Appetitive stimuli have three separable basic functions. Firstly, they … Secondly, they …
  9. This section has been included for several reasons: it is …; it illustrates …; and it describes …

引用他人列表:

  1. Smith and Jones (1991) list X, Y and Z as the major causes of infant mortality.
  2. Smith (2003) lists the main features of X as follows: it is X; it is Y; and it has Z.
  3. Smith (2003) argues that there are two broad categories of Y, which are: a) … and b) …
  4. Smith (2003) suggests three conditions for its acceptance. Firstly, X should be …

Secondly, it needs to be … Thirdly, …

  1. For Aristotle, motion is of four kinds: (1) motion which …; (2) motion which …; (3) motion which …; and (4) motion which …

希望您下次在論文中欲使用歸類或列表時,這些句型能對您有所助益。

 

額外相關閱讀推薦:

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Author

  • Wallace

    創於2003年,擁有20年的資深英文編修、中英翻譯以及期刊投稿經驗,華樂絲專門為全台碩博士學者們提供高水準的學術服務品質。位於台北,華樂絲擁有最大的英文編修和中英翻譯團隊以及提供最豐富的免費線上學術資源,包括學術部落格文章和學術期刊。華樂絲精通各大學術領域和期刊風格,並且擁有法國ISO的優良品質認證,提供全台客戶安全有保障的服務。


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